Magnetic MXene-based microrobots for soil microplastics removal

Abstract The widespread accumulation of microplastics in terrestrial environments poses a significant threat to human and planetary health, yet most remediation technologies have focused on aquatic systems, leaving agroecosystem pollution inadequately addressed. Here, we introduce magnetically active 2D MXene microrobots capable of precise, agile, and wireless maneuverability, engineered for the dynamic capture, transport, and retrieval of microplastics in both aqueous and soil environments. These microrobots consist of multi-layered Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene microparticles integrated with Ni nanoparticles, forming highly adsorptive robotic bodies with magnetic engines. Their synchronized tumbling motion, actuated by rotational magnetic fields, allows propulsion in manually steered or pre-programmed trajectories, while collective magnetic swarming enhances localized fluid convection and continuous mechanical interactions, facilitating efficient capture and transport of dispersed microplastics. In soil environments, the microrobots can navigate through water-permeated soil microenvironments, actively disrupt microplastic entrapment within soil matrices, and achieve their extraction. The effectiveness of the microrobotic cleanup strategy was validated in aquatic and soil environments using polystyrene microplastics and polyethylene terephthalate microfragments, demonstrating enhanced efficiencies and dynamic actuation capabilities beyond those of conventional passive adsorbents. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of magnetically driven 2D MXene microrobots as a versatile, and sustainable platform for active pollutant decontamination in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.