MXene-driven nanoscale field-effect junction for advanced 4-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar panels

Abstract The commercialization of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells hinges on achieving high efficiency and stability while maintaining scalability. This study demonstrates an original approach for inducing the formation of a field effect junction within the perovskite active layer for efficient semi-transparent top modules to be integrated in four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem panels. A synergy of MXene-based doping and surface gradient passivation enabled semi-transparent perovskite modules with efficiencies surpassing 16% on 60 cm² active area. These were integrated into a four terminal tandem panel (0.2 m 2 ) with a power conversion efficiency of 19.45%, further enhanced by bifacial silicon heterojunction cells to reach a power generation density exceeding 23 mWcm − ² under 30% ground albedo conditions. The tandem panel, installed in Crete, retained over 95% of its initial delivered power after three months, showcasing robust real-world stability. This work provides a significant step toward industrial adoption, presenting a scalable, high-efficiency solution for next-generation photovoltaics with minimal modifications to silicon production lines.