Carbon monoxide metabolism in freshwater anaerobic methanotrophic archaea

Anaerobic methanotrophic archaea mitigate methane emissions in anoxic environments as key members of the biological methane filter. Despite their ecological significance, physiology of anaerobic methanotrophs remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the freshwater methanotroph 'Candidatus Methanoperedens BLZ2' prefers carbon monoxide (CO) over methane as an electron donor. Without respiratory nitrate, CO oxidation led to acetogenesis and methanogenesis with rates comparable to methane oxidation with nitrate. The circularized genome of 'Ca. M. BLZ2' encodes six Ni-dependent carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODHs), three of which were highly expressed. Furthermore, we identified a 156-kbp mobile genetic element carrying central metabolic gene clusters, including two additional, highly expressed CODHs. CODH genes were widespread in Methanoperedenaceae and showed diverse evolutionary affiliations, including Methanocomedenaceae anaerobic methanotrophs and bacterial lineages. These findings highlight CO metabolism and genome plasticity in anaerobic methanotrophs challenging their classification as obligate methanotrophs and their ecological role in anoxic carbon cycling.