Gaps and ways forward in atmospheric blocking and extreme weather research

Atmospheric blocking often results in significant weather extremes and associated impacts such as heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, cold spells, and floods in mid-latitude regions. However, the physical processes behind blocking and associated extreme weather events are not well understood, hampering prediction and decision-making for mitigation and adaptation. Further, numerical models often struggle to simulate the frequency, duration, and geographic distribution of atmospheric blocking events. Here, we provide an overview of blocking-related weather extremes and impacts, as well as of our current understanding of the key physical processes. We identify knowledge gaps and current challenges and provide our perspective on potential ways forward. Atmospheric blocking often causes weather extremes in the mid- to high latitudes, yet the physical processes underlying blocks are not well understood. This article provides an overview, identifies current knowledge gaps and challenges, and offers perspectives on potential ways forward.