How regional characteristics drive various human mobility types across Europe

Spatial mobility of people between regions is critically shaped by socioeconomic landscapes, influencing and being influenced by regional characteristics, especially amid the on-going green and digital transitions. However, this is often studied through the lens of a single mobility type, overlooking the diverse factors driving different forms of movement. This study examines the distinct impacts of regional characteristics on seven types of mobility-permanent migration, long-term and short-term student mobility, seasonal work, long-distance and cross-border commuting, and multilocal living arrangements-across European regions. By integrating data from the Labor Force Survey, Erasmus + , and Twitter, we show how regional characteristics have different effects regarding each mobility type influenced by unique combinations of economic, environmental, and social factors. These differences underscore the limitations of a one-size-fits-all approach in addressing interregional spatial mobility, highlight the need for policies tailored both to specific types of mobility and regional characteristics. Considering these insights, we present avenues for targeted policy recommendations towards enhancing regional attractiveness and supporting balanced territorial development.