Mining of food metagenomes reveals an unexplored diversity of dsDNA bacteriophages

Bacteriophages are key drivers of microbial ecology, co-existing and co-evolving with bacteria across diverse environments. Limitations in culturing, alongside advances in sequencing and bioinformatics, have driven the use of metagenomics to explore viral diversity. Viral-specific analysis of >3000 food metagenomes from cFMD produced the FVGC, comprising ~3400 metagenome-assembled viruses, most of which belong to novel Caudoviricetes lineages (n = 91), with only ~15% represented in IMG/VR v4. Together, these findings reveal extensive uncharacterized viral diversity in food systems. Beyond serving as a reference, the FVGC facilitates detailed investigation of virus-host interactions. Viral sequences were pervasive across microbial genomes, with several bacterial families exhibiting near-universal associations with viral elements. Bacterial antiviral defence systems were abundant and taxonomically diverse, dominated by restriction-modification systems, while CRISPR-Cas systems showed pronounced lineage-specific distributions; in contrast, viral anti-defence genes were detected at low frequency (