Surface optimization governs the local design of physical networks
Abstract
, predicting that, with increasing link thickness, a locally tree-like network undergoes a transition into configurations that can no longer be explained by length minimization. Specifically, surface minimization predicts the emergence of trifurcations and branching angles in excellent agreement with the local tree organization of physical networks across a wide range of application domains. Finally, we predict the existence of stable orthogonal sprouts, which are not only prevalent in real networks but also play a key functional role, improving synapse formation in the brain and nutrient access in plants and fungi.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Slime Mold and Myxomycetes Research
Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies
Photoreceptor and optogenetics research
Publication details
- Journal / source
- Nature
- Publisher
- Springer Science and Business Media LLC
- Volume
- 649
- Issue
- 8096
- Pages
- 315–322
- Publication date
- 7 January 2026
- Language
- EN