Molecular identification, phytochemical characterization, and bioactivity evaluation of the unexplored medicinal plant Phedimus hybridus

Although Phedimus hybridus has been used in traditional medicine, its extracts have not been extensively studied in terms of quantification of phytochemicals and application of advanced extraction methods. In this study, molecular identification, ultrasound-assisted extraction, phytochemical characterization, and bioactivity evaluation of P. hybridus were employed to assess its potential as a novel source of natural bioactive compounds. Molecular analysis confirmed that P. hybridus and P. yangshanicus constitute a distinct monophyletic group, evidenced by high bootstrap values and posterior probabilities, highlighting the genetic distinctiveness of P. hybridus. A phytochemical-rich extract was obtained, achieving an extraction yield of 14.79%. Quantitative analyses identified phenolic compounds (24.61 g kg–1 biomass) and flavonoids (7.22 g kg–1 biomass), along with 18 phytochemicals, including gallic acid, kaempferol, heneicosane, and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. The extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity (IC50 = 13.7 μg mL–1 for DPPH and 76.6 μg mL–1 for ABTS), comparable to vitamin C (IC50 = 9.90 μg mL–1 and 73.44 μg mL–1, respectively). Furthermore, the extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. These findings highlight the potential of P. hybridus as a valuable natural source of bioactive compounds, suitable for significant applications in food industries.