Optimizing agricultural production for economic sustainability of sunflower across climatic zones

Increasing global food demand and climate variability are placing unprecedented pressure on agricultural systems, necessitating a shift from generalized farming practices to site-specific precision management. However, a lack of long-term economic optimization studies for sunflower production in Türkiye limits the adoption of climate-resilient strategies. This study addresses this gap by utilizing the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) to evaluate 1000 management scenarios across three distinct climatic regions (Edirne, Adana, and Konya) using 30 years of daily weather data (1991–2020). The analysis identified optimal planting dates, irrigation thresholds, and nitrogen rates to maximize economic profitability. Results indicated that optimal planting dates were March 20 for Edirne, April 30 for Adana, and May 10 for Konya. The economic optimum for irrigation start threshold was identified as 40% of Available Water Content (AWC) for Edirne and Adana, and 50% AWC for Konya, highlighting the value of managed deficit irrigation. Regarding fertilization, optimum profitability was achieved at 250 kg N/ha for Edirne and 300 kg N/ha for Adana and Konya. These optimized strategies significantly enhanced water productivity and ensured positive economic returns. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of DSSAT in defining site-specific management protocols that reconcile economic viability with resource sustainability.