High-performance Au–MoS₂–graphene multilayer SPR biosensor with superior sensitivity and precision

We introduce and high-performance multilayer surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on a hybrid gold (Au), molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), and graphene structure, specifically engineered to deliver enhanced refractive index sensing performance. The Au layer facilitates efficient plasmon excitation, the MoS₂ layer maximizes electromagnetic field confinement, and the graphene monolayer enhances both light-matter interaction and molecular adsorption. Simulations conducted at a wavelength of 633 nm reveal high sensitivities of 80.0°/RIU for phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (FOM = 28.57, FWHM = 2.80°), 80.0°/RIU for sucrose solution (FOM = 37.74, FWHM = 2.12°), 78.6°/RIU for blood samples (FOM = 29.87, FWHM = 2.63°), and 80.7°/RIU for glycerol (FOM = 36.19, FWHM = 2.23°), with the latter representing the best performance achieved in this work. These simulation outcomes surpass some previously reported designs, thereby validating the improved plasmonic coupling and field localization capabilities of the proposed sensor. The combination of high sensitivity, stability, and synergistic material properties makes the Au-MoS₂-graphene configuration a promising candidate for next-generation biosensing and chemical detection platforms demanding ultra-sensitive and rapid performance. "These results indicate strong potential for experimental realization in high-sensitivity biosensing and chemical detection applications," which clearly links the simulation outcomes to their practical implications.