Tenoxicam-loaded bioglass/chitosan composites for bone tissue engineering: in vitro characterization, sustained drug release, and antimicrobial activity

The development of multifunctional biomaterials that combine structural support with therapeutic functions is a key challenge in bone tissue engineering. Bioglass and chitosan are widely studied for their bioactivity and biocompatibility, while non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as Tenoxicam provide pain relief and inflammation control. We synthesized novel Tenoxicam-loaded Bioglass/Chitosan (TXC/BG/Cs) composites via the sol–gel process, incorporating 1, 2, and 3 wt% drug concentrations. The composites were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) to evaluate physicochemical properties and bioactivity. Sustained drug release was monitored for 33 days using UV–Vis spectroscopy. Antibacterial activity was assessed against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, S. haemolyticus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacteria using the agar well diffusion method. FTIR and XRD confirmed the formation of hydroxyapatite layers on composite surfaces after immersion in SBF, indicating strong bioactivity. SEM revealed a porous microstructure favorable for osteointegration, while EDX confirmed increased Ca and P deposition. The composites exhibited sustained Tenoxicam release following zero-order kinetics, with C3 (3 wt%) showing the highest cumulative release. Antimicrobial testing demonstrated significant inhibition zones against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. These findings suggest that TXC/BG/Cs composites integrate drug delivery, antibacterial functionality, and bone-bonding capability, making them promising candidates for bone tissue engineering and post-surgical implants.