Biocompatibility, inflammatory response, and antimicrobial properties of single-bottle adhesives on gingival fibroblast and human dental pulp stem cells

The purpose of this study was to evaluate how universal adhesives affected the proliferation of gingival fibroblasts and human dental pulp stem cells by measuring cell viability at different time points: 1 min, 1 h, and 6 h. The measurement of TNF-α levels after 6 h was performed to assess any inflammatory reactions or cytokine release triggered by the materials. The antimicrobial properties against Lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans, using the agar diffusion assay after 24 h were assessed. The single-bottle adhesives tested were: Huge Bond (Huge Dental, USA), Single Bond Universal (3 M, USA), and G-Premio BOND (GC, Japan). Huge Bond and Single Bond showed a marked decrease in cell viability after 6 h, with Single Bond exhibiting the most significant reduction (p < 0.0001). Huge Bond exhibited the highest TNF-α expression, followed by Single Bond and G-Premio. Huge Bond stands out for its superior performance against both bacterial strains (p = 0.0001). Methacrylate monomers are mostly associated with cytotoxicity if not fully polymerized because they have the ability to leach and harm dental pulp cells and gingival fibroblasts. All three materials have initial antimicrobial activity associated with the acidic monomer that was prominent with Huge Bond and G-Premio.