Eco-friendly synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles using Nepeta cataria L. (Lamiaceae) flowers extract: a multifaceted study of their antimicrobial and hemocompatible potential

Abstract This is the first report on the green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag 2 ONPs) using Nepeta cataria flower extract as a novel bioreducing and capping agent in an aqueous medium. This study aimed to describe these distinctive nanoparticles and explore their versatile biomedical applications through in silico molecular docking. UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, Zeta Potential and DLS were used to characterize the synthesized Ag 2 ONPs. Their biological effects were measured based on antibacterial, antifungal, hemolytic, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic activities. Characterization confirmed the crystallization and formation of stable, crystalline, quasi-spherical Ag 2 ONPs, with an average crystallite size of 20.7 nm (XRD) and a particle size of 39 ± 2.4 nm (SEM). The zeta potential − 39 mV indicated excellent colloidal stability. The Ag 2 ONPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity (maximum inhibition zone of 30 mm against Bacillus subtilis ) and potent antifungal activity (up to 83 mm) against Trichophyton rubrum . These nanoparticles were highly hemocompatible and exhibited strong anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties. To provide deeper insight into their antimicrobial action, this study uniquely integrated in silico molecular docking to explore interactions between the nanoparticles and key microbial protein targets. In summary, N. cataria L. flowers represent a promising new source of biocompatible Ag 2 ONPs with potent antimicrobial and hemo-modulatory properties, making them potential candidates for future therapeutic applications.