Meaningful oversight of medical AI beyond human in the loop

npj Digital Medicine 2026 Open access

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Authors: Davy van de Sande, Nicoleta Economou‐Zavlanos, Michel E. van Genderen
DOI: 10.1038/s41746-026-02971-1
Cited by: 6
References: 15

Abstract

Human oversight of medical AI is increasingly required, but clinician presence alone does not make oversight meaningful. We propose four interlocking conditions—epistemic capacity, cognitive space, decisional authority, and intervention effectiveness—that determine whether human judgment can function as a safety mechanism. Embedding these conditions across procurement, deployment, monitoring, and decommissioning can turn oversight into an operational patient-safety capability across predictive, generative, semi-autonomous, and agentic systems.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning Ethics and Social Impacts of AI

Publication details

Journal / source
npj Digital Medicine
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Volume
9
Issue
1
Publication date
23 July 2026
Language
EN