Unveiling active sites and the cooperative role of non-thermal plasma and copper–zinc catalysts in the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol

Abstract Methanol synthesis via non-thermal plasma (NTP) catalytic CO 2 hydrogenation provides a sustainable approach to chemical and fuel production with potential in carbon emissions reduction. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we evaluate the mechanism of NTP-catalytic CO 2 hydrogenation over Cu–Zn/ZSM-5 through operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and in situ X-ray pair distribution function. We found that Zn enhances Cu dispersion and reducibility, as well as forming active Cu/ZnO interfacial sites. Beyond the conventional formate pathway on metallic Cu, these interfaces enable an additional CO hydrogenation route, enhancing methanol yield. NTP also promotes gas-phase CO 2 dissociation to CO, bypassing the reverse water–gas shift step required in thermal catalysis. No Cu/Zn alloy formation was observed, underscoring the importance of metallic Cu and Cu/ZnO interfaces under NTP conditions. Furthermore, NTP stabilizes reduced Cu species, preventing re-oxidation and ensuring sustained catalytic activity. These findings advance the mechanistic understanding of NTP-assisted catalysis.