Ray-inspired robots: recent advances in actuation and control

npj Robotics 2026 Open access

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Authors: Luke Freyhof, M. Brown, Sergio A. Araujo-Estrada, Jorn A. Cheney, James Sean Humbert, Nicole W. Xu
DOI: 10.1038/s44182-025-00064-x
Cited by: 1
References: 109

Abstract

Ray-inspired robots show promise in ocean exploration and monitoring because of their potential for efficient locomotion, maneuverability, and stability in aquatic environments. This review explores recent progress in ray-inspired robotics, focusing on trends in locomotion modes, actuation types, and control and sensing strategies. We identify current challenges and performance gaps, list useful metrics, and suggest promising research directions that could improve and expand the capabilities of batoid robots.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms Micro and Nano Robotics Soft Robotics and Applications

Publication details

Journal / source
npj Robotics
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Volume
4
Issue
1
Publication date
7 January 2026
Language
EN