Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Friction-induced Energy Conversion Mechanisms

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are innovative devices that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy through triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. These devices address the growing need for sustainable and portable energy solutions, supporting wearable electronics, environmental monitoring, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Despite their potential, challenges such as low current output, environmental susceptibility, and durability constraints persist, limiting widespread adoption. Here, we give an introduction to the topic and explore recent advancements in materials, designs, and fabrication techniques that enhance TENG performance. We show how approaches such as electrospinning, 3D printing, sputtering, and layer-by-layer assembly improve energy conversion efficiency and enable new functionalities. This chapter highlights the role of TENGs in next-generation technologies, from powering artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics to enhancing healthcare and smart cities, marking a step forward in sustainable energy harvesting and innovation across various industries.