Two-dimensional Materials for Electrode Design in Supercapacitor Applications

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as potential candidates for various technological applications due to their intriguing properties and tunable functionalities. In recent years, considerable focus has been devoted to investigating the potential of 2D materials as electrodes in supercapacitors, owing to their high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and exceptional mechanical strength. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments and challenges in utilizing 2D materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), MXenes, and beyond, for supercapacitor electrodes. Each material's unique structural and electronic properties, synthesis methods, and performance as supercapacitor electrodes are discussed. The influence of electrolyte composition on the capacitive behavior and cycling stability of 2D-material electrodes is also highlighted. Furthermore, this chapter highlights the strategies employed to enhance the electrochemical performance of 2D material-based electrodes, such as defect engineering, heterostructuring, and hybridization with other materials. This chapter discusses the outlook for future research directions and emerging opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, including integrating 2D materials into flexible and wearable energy-storage devices and their application in next-generation sustainable energy systems.