Nano-structuring hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks: strategies, composites, and functional applications

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks are a rising class of porous materials that are now recognized for their high surface areas, mild synthesis, solution processability, and biocompatibility, making them attractive for a wide range of applications. However, their bulk forms often suffer from limitations such as poor electrical conductivity and insufficient structural stability, which can hinder practical implementation. To transcend the limitations of their bulk counterparts, a powerful strategy is their transformation into pristine nanostructures or nanocomposites, which enhances properties such as conductivity, stability, and porosity. These HOF nanomaterials leverage the synergistic effects of nanoconfinement and composite matrices, leading to enhanced performance in applications ranging from photocatalysis and energy storage to photothermal therapy. This review aims to provide an overview of recent developments, focusing on the classification, fabrication strategies, and diverse applications of HOF nanomaterials, thereby offering a perspective for future research in this evolving field.