Design and engineering of biomimetic aloe vera sponges via recombination of functionalized peel and gel for enhanced wound healing

an extrusion process and further loaded with nanoenzymes, yielding mimetic peel nanovesicles (NAPNs) with controllable photothermal behavior and nitric oxide (NO) generation capability. These NAPNs are subsequently incorporated into porous sponge scaffolds obtained from freeze-dried aloe vera gel, forming bioinspired AMSs with precisely controllable pore structures. Owing to their interconnected porous architecture and excellent water retention capacity, the AMSs efficiently manage wound exudates and facilitate bacterial adsorption. Under near-infrared irradiation, the synergistic photothermal-NO effects enable potent antibacterial activity through strong, localized hyperthermia, while mild and controllable photothermal regulation further alleviates inflammation and promotes cellular proliferation and migration, thereby accelerating skin tissue regeneration. Overall, this work presents a biomimetic, nanomedicine-integrated, and structurally programmable dressing platform that bridges plant-inspired materials engineering with wound surface nanotherapy, offering a stepwise and synergistic strategy for enhanced skin wound healing.