Enhanced cytotoxic activity of Moringa oleifera -loaded pharmacosomes against neuroblastoma

compared to free MO. Cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry revealed a pronounced redistribution of treated cells from G0/G1 into S and G2/M phases, indicating disruption of proliferative progression and replication stress, with pharmacosomal delivery of MO producing a more pronounced S-phase accumulation. Notably, these cell cycle perturbations were achieved at an approximately 10-fold lower concentration for MO-PhS compared to the free extract, underscoring the superior dose-efficiency of pharmacosomal delivery. Plain pharmacosomes exhibited minimal cytotoxicity against human normal fibroblasts (hFB), confirming carrier biocompatibility. These findings highlight MO-PhS as a promising nanoplatform for neuroblastoma therapy, offering enhanced cytotoxic efficacy, higher stability and antioxidant properties, and excellent biocompatibility, warranting further preclinical investigation.