Wearable respiratory sensors for non-invasive healthcare monitoring: applications and intelligent technologies

Human exhaled breath contains a wealth of biomarkers and physical indicators associated with various health conditions. Wearable respiratory sensors have emerged as a promising, non-invasive, portable, and efficient approach for early disease screening and prevention. With advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT) and maturity of integration technologies, these sensors are increasingly recognized for their potential to enable personalized, accurate, and real-time healthcare. In this context, we first introduce the main types of gas sensors and their sensing materials. Then, a systematic overview of exhaled breath biomarkers and physical indicators used in disease screening and health monitoring is demonstrated. Furthermore, the integration of wearable respiratory sensors with cutting-edge technologies is discussed. Finally, the review highlights current challenges and future opportunities, emphasizing the vast potential of respiratory sensors in wearable health monitoring.