Therapeutic applications and prospects of inhalable mesoporous silica nanoparticles in pulmonary diseases

inhalation routes such as nebulization or aerosolization, MSNs can facilitate targeted, controlled, and efficient drug release in the lungs, addressing limitations of conventional therapies such as low efficacy and systemic side effects. However, concerns remain regarding the long-term pulmonary safety of silica-based nanomaterials, as their accumulation may induce inflammation, immune responses, or even pulmonary fibrosis. This review systematically summarizes the physicochemical characteristics and biological performance of MSNs, highlighting recent advancements and therapeutic advantages in pulmonary drug delivery. Moreover, it critically discusses the underlying mechanisms of potential toxicity and lung-related safety concerns. Finally, we propose strategies to mitigate toxicity risks and outline future research directions, aiming to provide a foundation and guidance for the clinical translation of MSNs in the treatment of pulmonary diseases.