Integrating 2D nanomaterials with organic acid–mediated rock phosphate solubilization for enhanced phosphorus availability: a review

, and layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have emerged as potential carriers for both organic acids and phosphate. Their high surface area, tunable functionality, and strong binding affinity enable controlled acid release, sustained proton activity, and reduced P fixation at the RP interface. This review synthesizes recent advances in 2D material-assisted organic acid solubilization of RP and highlights future directions toward hybrid nano-bio systems particularly the integration of biochar-2D material composites as a promising next-generation platform for sustainable phosphorus management in agriculture. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of molecular mechanisms, highlights emerging nano-enabled smart fertilizer strategies, and identifies key future research directions to bridge laboratory insights and field-scale applications. The work presents a novel interdisciplinary framework for improving P accessibility through hybrid nano-bio interventions.