Versatile mixed-matrix membranes based on AMCD-ZIF and PVC for sustainable water remediation

for Cd(ii)-and demonstrated preferential uptake of Pb(ii) in competitive metal systems. Under rapid filtration conditions, the membranes achieved comparable removal efficiencies to batch systems within just 5 minutes for heavy metals. Removal of anionic contaminants such as nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, phosphate, and total nitrogen from real contaminated water collected from Ain El Mreisseh was also investigated. Under rapid filtration conditions, the membranes achieved high removal efficiencies of the anions within 10 minutes: 99.2% for nitrate, 98.6% for nitrite, 95.3% for total nitrogen, 84.6% for sulfate, and 66.8% for phosphate. Additionally, the membranes maintained moderate performance across four regeneration cycles. These results highlight the scalability, reusability, and multifunctionality of the PVC-AMCD membrane as an effective platform for water purification, targeting organic dyes, solvents, crude oil removal, in addition to heavy metals and anionic contaminants investigated in this study.