Microenvironment regulation in nanomaterial synthesis

three core dimensions-local physicochemical environment, spatial confinement effect, and external energy environment-it precisely manipulates the nucleation and growth processes, addressing the bottlenecks of conventional synthesis. Strategies across the three dimensions share the commonality of microscale regulation while possessing unique differentiated advantages; they can also be synergistically coupled to achieve controllable preparation of complex nanomaterials with uniform sizes and unique morphologies. This review focuses on microenvironment engineering strategies in nanomaterial synthesis, systematically summarizes the research progress of the three dimensions, compares the similarities and differences among various strategies, discusses their applications in hierarchical structure construction, crystal phase selection and surface modification, and analyzes the key challenges and future directions in fundamental research and industrial translation. It aims to provide a reference for the rational design, green synthesis and large-scale preparation of high-performance nanomaterials.