Mechanistic insights into water hardness effects on AFFF foam behavior: the dominant role of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+

Soft Matter 2026

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Authors: Yi Guo, Jiaqing Zhang, Dongsheng Wang, Peng Gao, Depeng Kong
DOI: 10.1039/d5sm01131k
Cited by: 1
References: 41

Abstract

at the same overall hardness lessens the negative impact on AFFF performance, resulting in prolonged foam drainage time and delayed foam coarsening. This study provides valuable data support for optimizing AFFF formulations with respect to varying water hardness conditions.

Fields of Study & Subjects

Pickering emulsions and particle stabilization Polymer Foaming and Composites Surfactants and Colloidal Systems

Publication details

Journal / source
Soft Matter
Publisher
Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Volume
22
Issue
6
Pages
1434–1445
Publication date
1 January 2026
Language
EN