Development and prospects of fluorescence polarization immunoassay for pesticide detection in food and environment

The excessive and improper application of pesticides severely jeopardizes ecological balance and poses serious threats to human health. Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) is a homogeneous immunoassay technique that offers operational simplicity and rapid analysis, demonstrating significant advantages for the high-throughput screening of pesticide residues. This review systematically elaborates on the fundamental principles of FPIA. It provides a detailed discussion on tracer design strategies, including the optimal selection of fluorophores, spacer arms, and haptens. The progress in core recognition elements is also summarized. Furthermore, the current applications of this method for pesticide detection in food and environmental matrices are reviewed, along with an analysis of the challenges it faces, such as matrix effects and sensitivity limitations. Finally, future directions for the FPIA technology are discussed, including miniaturization, intelligent integration, and the incorporation of novel materials. These directions provide a theoretical reference for enhancing its performance and broadening its application.