Plant proteins for human health: the current status and future needs

the modulation of appetite regulating hormones. We examine how plant proteins optimize lipid metabolism and reinforce gut homeostasis by promoting diverse microbiota and increasing the production of short chain fatty acids. Furthermore, we dissect the mechanisms through which plant proteins and their digestion derived peptides attenuate the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Specific attention is given to the modulation of intracellular signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt and the regulation of the renin angiotensin system. The review also highlights that the health efficacy of plant proteins is highly dependent on the food matrix, where synergistic interactions between proteins, fiber, and phytochemicals are critical. Finally, the impact of food processing on peptide bioaccessibility is examined, and a process-matrix function paradigm is proposed for future research. In conclusion, these insights underscore the role of plant proteins as functional components that are essential for developing sustainable and precise nutritional strategies to mitigate the global burden of non-communicable diseases.