All-weather transparent MXene-based dynamic de-icing membrane with multi-field coupling

-PDMS molecular-brush layer provides a low-surface-energy, low-adhesion interface for delayed freezing and rapid ice release. The MSP membrane maintains a visible transmittance above 65%, a water contact angle of approximately 161°, and a sliding angle of approximately 1.1°. Ambient-condition photothermal/electrothermal temperature-time curves confirm the intrinsic energy-conversion capability and thermal uniformity of the MXene network, whereas low-temperature tests directly validate the practical anti-/de-icing performance. Specifically, the freezing time of water droplets is prolonged to approximately 165 s at -25 °C, and ice blocks can be removed under 1-sun irradiation or 3 V electrothermal input in a -30 °C environment. The membrane also exhibits reduced ice-adhesion strength and retains stable electrical, wetting, and electrothermal performance after repeated bending. This work provides a transparent multi-field-coupled interface design that integrates active heat generation and passive interfacial ice regulation for low-energy anti-/de-icing and electromagnetic protection in cold environments.