Revolutionizing agroecosystems through next-generation bio-nanofertilizers: an overview toward sustainable agriculture

The rising global population demands a 70% increase in crop production to satisfy future food needs. This challenge requires a collaborative effort to boost food production while maintaining sustainable agricultural practices. While common chemical fertilizers can promote plant growth and yield, their overuse damages soil biota and fertility and pollutes the environment. Therefore, nanofertilizers are emerging as a promising alternative to conventional options, helping to reduce environmental impact and becoming essential for future farming. Bionanofertilizers are advanced materials made of nanoscale particles and beneficial microbes engineered to supply vital macro- and micronutrients. They improve nutrient efficiency and lessen environmental harm. These fertilizers provide controlled nutrient release, targeted delivery, and better bioavailability, overcoming the limitations of traditional fertilizers such as nutrient loss, soil degradation, and pollution. They promote plant growth, photosynthesis, and stress resistance, while also enhancing soil health and decreasing application frequency and costs. The need for nanofertilizers is 30 to 100 times lower than that for chemical fertilizers, making them more economical. On average, they increase yields by 24 to 32% across various crops and soil types. This review assesses evidence suggesting that bionanofertilizers can transform agricultural practices and provide sustainable, eco-friendly solutions for enhancing soil health and crop management.