Enzymes, DNAzymes and nanozymes for environmental remediation

The escalating problem of environmental contamination requires sustainable remediation technologies. Biocatalytic systems utilizing enzymes and whole organisms have been explored for decades, although limitations such as high cost and inhibition restrict their application. Biomimetic systems, employing artificial catalysts with enzyme-like activities, such as DNAzymes and nanozymes, are generally less susceptible to these limitations and have emerged as promising alternatives. This review provides a comparative analysis of these three catalytic platforms for the remediation of various xenobiotics. By systematically comparing the catalytic performance, operational robustness, and economic viability, we highlight why nanozymes could potentially outperform biological counterparts in some applications, but are unlikely to fully replace them. We conclude by outlining future directions, including the development of stimuli-responsive nanozymes, biodegradable nanozymes, and synergistic hybrid systems, to guide the rational design of next-generation remediation technologies that are efficient, sustainable, and economically viable.