Cutting-edge advancements in the synthesis, chemical structure, and applications of the lithium batteries and supercapacitors of metal–/covalent–organic frameworks

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are novel classes of advanced porous materials with high crystallinity, which have garnered significant research attention due to their distinctive structures and properties. However, the insufficient structural stability and poor conductivity are the major bottlenecks restricting their widespread application in new energy storage and conversion devices. A large number of studies have shown that by selecting appropriate synthesis methods and making targeted improvements, the crystal structure, pore characteristics and interface interactions of MOFs/COFs can be precisely controlled, thereby enhancing the bonding strength of covalent/coordination bonds, reducing the resistance of charge transfer, and improving their structural stability and conductivity. This paper describes the progress in MOF/COF research from the aspects of synthesis and chemical structure, summarizes the latest achievements, and presents their milestone applications in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. Finally, it discusses the challenges and future prospects of developing high-performance MOF/COF energy storage materials.