Removal of Cd( ii ) from aqueous solution by ferrate-modified sludge biochar: optimization of preparation conditions, adsorption performance, and mechanism
Abstract
capacity of unmodified sludge biochar. Thermodynamic analysis characterized the uptake as spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-driven. Mechanistically, the superior performance of Fe@SBC was attributed to a synergy of surface complexation with oxygenated groups, inorganic precipitation, electrostatic attraction, and cation-π interactions. Furthermore, the material exhibited robust performance over five regeneration cycles. Given its cost-effectiveness, high efficiency, and magnetic separability, Fe@SBC is a promising candidate for sustainable heavy metal wastewater treatment.
Fields of Study & Subjects
Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
Phosphorus and nutrient management
Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
Publication details
- Journal / source
- RSC Advances
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 26
- Pages
- 23730–23739
- Publication date
- 1 January 2026
- Language
- EN