Future directions and emerging trends of sustainable energy harvesting: innovations in photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems

This review seeks to present a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in sustainable energy harvesting technologies, with a focus on photovoltaic (PV), and thermoelectric (TE) systems. It examines the evolution of next-generation PV technologies, such as perovskite and tandem solar cells, which demonstrate remarkable potential for high-efficiency, low-cost energy conversion. In parallel, it explores progress in TE materials, including nanostructured and organic compounds, that have led to enhanced thermoelectric performance and broadened application prospects. The review discusses key challenges related to the scalability, stability, and integration of these systems. Furthermore, it highlights the synergies of combining PV and TE technologies to enhance overall energy-harvesting efficiency. The review concludes by identifying emerging trends and proposing strategic directions for future research to accelerate the development and commercialization of sustainable energy harvesting solutions.