Metal–organic framework-based materials for wearable energy harvesting and high-density energy storage technologies

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) constitute an exceptional class of porous crystalline materials, distinguished by their structural tunability, extensive surface areas, and multifunctional chemical attributes. Their intrinsic diversity and adaptability have positioned them at the forefront of numerous technological domains, including catalysis, gas sorption, and electrochemical energy storage. These applications are particularly significant in the context of wearable technologies, where mechanical flexibility, low weight, and high energy density are imperative. The inherent limitations of conventional energy-storage materials whether in geometric rigidity, insufficient energy density, or inadequate mechanical resilience underscore the pressing need to develop MOF architectures. This review synthesizes recent advancements in supercapacitors and battery systems, with a focus on the role of MOFs in enhancing device performance across key metrics such as energy density, charge-discharge kinetics, and operational long life. Owing to their thin-film compatibility and deformable profiles, these devices are poised for seamless integration into next-generation wearable platforms. MOFs, characterized by their dual functionality, mechanical compliance, and highly porous frameworks, exhibit significant promise in driving the evolution of wearable energy-storage technologies. Future progress will hinge on overcoming persistent challenges related to stability, scalability, and long-term performance. Continued advances in synthesis strategies, processing techniques, and fundamental understanding will be critical to unlocking the broader industrial potential of MOFs, spanning energy systems, pharmaceutical delivery, electronic devices, and environmental remediation. Ultimately, the incorporation of MOFs into wearable energy-storage systems may catalyze transformative developments in portable electronics, redefining both operational capabilities and user experience.