Dynamic stability of OER electrocatalysts in water electrolyzers: multiscale deactivation mechanisms and regulation strategies

scale, it examines the extent of surface reconstruction, the inadequacy of nanomechanical robustness, and catalyst-layer delamination prompted by ripening and agglomeration. At the macro level, it considers corrosion resulting from start-stop cycling, component degradation, and the effects of harsh operational environments. Furthermore, the review summarizes current strategies aimed at enhancing stability, emphasizing intrinsic stability design as a foundational element, supplemented by dynamic stability regulation and optimization of operational conditions. Collectively, these approaches facilitate sustained catalytic performance under high potentials and extended operational periods, paving the way for durable electrocatalytic systems. Lastly, future research should prioritize the stabilization of OER electrocatalysis and its scalable application in industrial water electrolysis.