In situ hydrothermal synthesis of a zeolite–PVA hemostatic sponge and its rapid hemostasis in a lethal massive hemorrhage model

hydrothermal synthesis method. This spongiform zeolite-based hemostatic material conforms well to irregular wound surfaces and provides sustained pressure on the entire surface, making it more applicable to hemostasis of wounds with irregular concave-convex surfaces compared with current zeolite hemostatic materials. In a rabbit model of lethal massive hemorrhage, the hemostasis time of the zeolite-PVA group (195 s) was significantly shorter than that of the reference cotton gauze group (307 s). And the blood loss in the zeolite-PVA group (13.0 g) was approximately half of that in the cotton gauze group (23.8 g). Consequently, the zeolite-PVA group achieved 100% survival rate in this severe hemorrhage model, while the survival rate in the cotton gauze group was only 75%. This new zeolite-based hemostatic material expands the practical usage of zeolite composite materials and provides a promising solution for massive hemorrhage control in pre-hospital trauma treatment.