Energy Management for Low‐Carbon Distribution System With Smart Building Prosumers and EVs Interaction

ABSTRACT This paper develops a model for energy management in low‐carbon distribution systems that considers multiple goals: reducing costs, cutting emissions, and keeping the grid reliable. The framework links the distribution system operator (DSO) with prosumers such as buildings equipped with solar panels, batteries, and smart parking lots. Parking lots play an essential role since electric vehicles (EVs) can act as mobile batteries, charging when demand is low and returning power to the grid at peak times. A risk‐averse method is applied to handle uncertainty in renewable generation, demand, and market prices rather than relying only on fixed forecasts. The model shows that coordinated interaction between DSOs and prosumers can lower costs and emissions while improving system stability. It also highlights the economic opportunities for prosumer owners and EV participants in transitioning toward low‐carbon distribution networks. Over a 24 h horizon, the proposed framework reduced operating costs by 13.9%, emissions by 18.1%, and network losses by approximately 2%.