Integration of renewable energy sources in the planning of EV charging infrastructure in Malaysia

The integration of renewable energy (RE) sources into electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure planning presents a transformative opportunity for Malaysia to accelerate its transition to a sustainable and low-carbon transportation system. This paper explores a comprehensive framework for planning EV charging infrastructure that synergizes with Malaysia’s abundant renewable resources, particularly solar and small hydro. The study examines technical feasibility, spatial distribution, and cost-effectiveness of embedding photovoltaic (PV) systems, and energy storage systems (ESS) into public and private charging stations across urban, semi-urban, and rural regions. Using geospatial mapping, renewable resource availability data, and transportation flow analysis, optimal charging station sites are proposed to maximize grid reliability, minimize curtailment, and enhance energy self-sufficiency. The research further investigates the regulatory and economic challenges of implementing RE-powered EV infrastructure, including net energy metering (NEM), feed-in tariffs, and capital investment barriers. Simulation scenarios using HOMER Pro and PVSyst are conducted to assess load profiles, carbon emission reductions, and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). Results show that hybrid RE-powered charging systems significantly reduce peak demand on the national grid and offer viable solutions for off-grid applications in Sabah and Sarawak. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for harmonizing national energy policies, transport electrification strategies, and RE deployment, aiming to guide stakeholders toward an integrated, clean mobility ecosystem in Malaysia.