An SGAM-based computational independent model to enable frequency containment reserve as a V2G service

Electric Vehicles (EVs) offer significant potential as Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) through balancing services or contingency reserves, yet practical implementations into ancillary service markets remain at an early stage and lack mature business use cases. Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR), the utility battery service for primary control reserve, presents an opportunity to harness aggregated EV symmetrical charging load for grid stabilization, in the form of a Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) service. This service aligns with the well-established concept of Virtual Power Plants (VPPs), where distributed assets are aggregated to provide grid services. This paper investigates the functional model to provide FCR from public EV charging stations within the European energy market. Using the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM), we develop a V2G-based FCR use case enabled by Electric Mobility Service Providers (EMSPs) orchestrating EV users’ data interface, with Charging Station Operators (CSOs) acting as resource aggregators, and Balancing Service Providers (BSPs) as FCR bid aggregators. The resulting Computational Independent Model defines roles and interactions across Business, Function, and Information layers, conforming to ENTSO-E harmonized framework and IEC standards for pan-European adoption. The proposed model aims to enable EV owners and CSOs to gain financial rewards while contributing to grid resilience through FCR, and establishes the conceptual foundation for scalable deployment of V2G-based FCR services.