Optimizing conditional connection agreements for megawatt charging infrastructure: a framework for DSO-CPO coordination

The electrification of heavy-duty vehicles requires megawatt-scale charging infrastructure, but distribution grid constraints and high investment costs pose significant challenges. This work presents a decision-support framework for evaluating and optimizing conditional connection agreements (CCAs) between Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and Charging Point Operators (CPOs). The methodology employs a bi-level, multi-objective optimization approach using genetic algorithm to explore CCA configurations while nested optimizations evaluate grid reinforcement and storage investment strategies. Applied to a Norwegian scenario, results demonstrate how CCAs can provide mutual benefits for both parties, with storage investments becoming viable under decreasing grid reliability scenarios. By enabling dialogue and coordinated planning in the negotiation phase between the parties, the framework aims at facilitating policy and industry efforts toward efficient, scalable electrification of heavy-duty transport.