Renewable energy connection processes: role and challenges of distribution system operators

Distribution System Operators (DSOs) have emerged as leading actors in the energy transition. Over the past few decades, their role has transformed: initially limited to supply of low- and medium-voltage loads, they currently ensure the integration of a significant share of renewable generation into the national electric grid, while managing the increasing electrification of end uses. This evolution raised challenges correlated to the nature of DSOs, regulated companies operating under public concessions. In-force regulations provide adequate mechanisms to system operators to process and execute single connection requests, but the volume and concentration of such requests are exerting significant pressure on the distribution system: capacity congestion, rising prices and lead time in grid reinforcements, energy unbalance. Existing regulatory frameworks have proven inadequate in keeping pace with the rapid growth of electric generation and load, exposing an evident lack of suitable tools for DSOs. This gap could be bridged by streamlining connection and permitting procedures and equipping operators with enhanced planning instruments. DSOs should project and realize major grid interventions in advance of new connection requests, in order to prepare the network to accommodate multiple potentially destabilizing generation and load connections.