A modular battery arrangement in electric vehicles for flexible energy management and optimized efficiency

This paper presents a novel, modular electric vehicle (EV) battery architecture designed to support variable configurations, enabling flexibility in energy usage based on driving requirements. Unlike conventional EVs restricted to fixed battery packs, the proposed system allows integration of a customizable number of smart battery modules, enhancing adaptability for urban and suburban driving. The performance of various battery configurations was evaluated using IPG CarMaker software under the WLTC Class 3b driving cycle. Key metrics, including energy consumption per kilometre and brake energy, were analysed across different speed phases. Results demonstrate significant efficiency improvements—up to 20% reduction in energy consumption and over 30% reduction in brake energy—in lighter configurations, especially in low and medium-speed conditions. The findings support scalable, modular battery systems for improved energy efficiency and practical urban mobility.