Design and analysis of a frequency reconfigurable patch antenna for electric vehicle wireless systems

This paper presents a frequency-reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication in electrified vehicles (EVs). The proposed antenna employs a symmetrical four-edge varactor-loading network to achieve continuous tuning from 1.3 to 2.4 GHz, addressing the multi-standard connectivity demands of vehicle battery-management and diagnostic systems. The baseline 2.4 GHz configuration was analytically modelled and verified through full-wave simulations, achieving stable impedance and broadside radiation throughout the tuning range. The realized gain varies from 3.9 dBi to 6.9 dBi with preserved radiation symmetry. The results confirm that the proposed planar design offers a compact, PCB-compatible, and electromagnetically robust solution suitable for wireless BMS and onboard communication modules in next-generation EV architectures.