Experimental evaluation of framed and frameless 100 Wp monocrystalline photovoltaic modules under tropical climatic conditions

Photovoltaic (PV) module performance in tropical climates is strongly affected by high operating temperatures, which reduce voltage and efficiency. Mechanical design features, such as the use of an aluminum frame, influence heat dissipation and may cause different thermal and electrical responses in real outdoor conditions. This study compares the performance of framed and frameless 100 Wp monocrystalline PV modules tested simultaneously in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Hourly measurements of solar irradiance, module temperature, voltage, current, and power were collected from 07:00 to 17:00 to analyze temperature behavior, power output, and energy yield. The framed module operated approximately 2-3°C cooler during peak irradiance, resulting in more stable voltage and slightly higher instantaneous power output. In contrast, the frameless module produced a slightly higher total daily energy of 74 Wh, compared to 72 Wh for the framed module, due to its faster thermal response during morning and afternoon periods. All experimental trends aligned with established temperature-power coefficients for monocrystalline silicon modules. These findings demonstrate that frame design plays a meaningful role in thermal regulation and overall performance under tropical conditions, providing practical guidance for selecting PV modules in hot and humid environments.