Aesthetic catharsis as emotional regulation for mental wellbeing and learning: Applying Tolstoy’s theory of art to the self-expressive narratives of bipolar survivors in support of SDGs 3 and 4

The existing body of knowledge on literary expression and emotional regulation often isolates aesthetic experience from lived psychological realities, overlooking how Tolstoy’s theory of art as an expression of sincere emotion operates within the context of mental health recovery. This study aims to explore how aesthetic catharsis functions as a form of emotional regulation in the self-expressive narratives of bipolar survivors at Griya Cinta Kasih (GCK), East Java. Adopting a qualitative approach with a phenomenological case study design, data were obtained through in-depth interviews, narrative analyses, and field observations with six participants selected via purposive sampling based on clinical diagnosis, expressive engagement in writing therapy, and willingness to share lived experiences. Data collection utilized semi-structured interview guides and reflective journals as primary instruments. Findings revealed that literary self-expression facilitated deep emotional release, enhanced self-understanding, and fostered resilience, while also exposing moments of internal conflict, emotional exhaustion, and creative dissonance. These results demonstrate the potential of Tolstoyan aesthetic catharsis to support mental wellbeing and experiential learning, highlighting its relevance to SDG 3 by fostering psychosocial health and to SDG 4 by advancing knowledge, reflective practice, and inclusive mental health education.