A Short Review On Automated and Semi-Automated Cleaning Systems for Photovoltaic Panels to Enhance Power Efficiency

The efficiency of solar panels depends on both photovoltaic technology and operating conditions, including cell structure, material properties, and system design. Monocrystalline PV modules are currently the most widely used due to technological advances and their high photoelectric conversion efficiency. However, environmental soiling from dust and debris degrades performance by increasing surface contamination and inducing localized hotspots, while even limited partial shading can cause significant energy losses due to electrical mismatch within the module. Consequently, current research and industrial efforts focus on reducing soiling-related losses, improving long-term system reliability, and advancing photovoltaic technologies. Promising solutions include anti-soiling surface coatings and automated cleaning systems based on robotic and electrostatic methods, particularly suited to arid and dusty environments. In parallel, emerging technologies such as bifacial and perovskite PV modules offer opportunities for higher energy yield and enhanced scalability of solar power systems.