Design Optimization and Biochemical Insights into Orthodontic Mini Screws-A Review

Orthodontic mini screws, commonly referred to as Temporary Anchorage Devices (TADs), have significantly advanced orthodontic treatment by offering stable, efficient, and compliance-independent anchorage for controlled tooth movement. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of design features and biomechanical factors influencing the performance and clinical success of mini screws. Key parameters such as thread design, diameter, material properties, insertion angle, and placement technique are evaluated in terms of their impact on primary stability and long-term retention. The study synthesizes findings from recent literature and incorporates insights from finite element analysis (FEA) to assess stress distribution, failure modes, and load-bearing capabilities of various mini screw configurations. Attention is given to challenges such as early failure, soft tissue interference, and patient-specific anatomical variations. Research gaps are identified, including the need for longitudinal clinical studies, improved ergonomic designs, and integrated approaches combining experimental testing with computational simulations. Furthermore, the review discusses proposed CAD-based design modifications, validated through mechanical testing and FEA, aimed at enhancing anchorage reliability and minimizing failure rates. The findings are intended to guide future innovations in orthodontic mini screw development, contributing to safer, more predictable, and effective orthodontic treatment outcomes.