Evaluating factors affecting mean glandular dose in mammography: a retrospective analysis

Breast cancer is common among women, and mammography plays a key role in early diagnosis with radiation hazards. This study estimates MGD in a university hospital and compares it with international guidelines to ensure optimal protection. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 325 female patients who underwent a routine mammography from January 2022 to October 2024 at a university hospital. MGD was calculated using standard dosimetric equations such as entrance surface dose (ESD), compressed breast thickness (CBT), tube voltage (kVp), and tube current (mAs) for both craniocaudal (CC) and medial oblique (MLO) views. Statistical computation was carried out using the SPSS software along with Pearson’s correlation to assess the association between the technical parameters and radiation dose. The mean MGD for CC and MLO projections were 0.34 mGy and 0.36 mGy, respectively. MGD was found to be significantly low compared to international reference levels, reflecting effective dose management. MGD correlated positively with mAs and negatively with CBT, and was the lowest reported internationally, indicating optimized imaging protocols. This study confirms that Saudi mammography practices meet ALARA standards, ensuring high-quality imaging with minimal radiation. Further research should assess long-term outcomes and explore lower-dose techniques.